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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Description Of Stainless Steel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:16.8pt;background:
#F9F9F9"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi">Stainless steel is used for corrosion-resistant tools Equipments
and Products such as Stud Bolts , Hex Bolts , Pipe , Flanges and Fittings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Stainless steel does
not readily&nbsp;<a href=" title="Corrosion"><span style="color:#0B0080">corrode</span></a>,&nbsp;<a href=" title="Rust"><span style="color:#0B0080">rust</span></a>&nbsp;or
stain with water as ordinary steel does. However, it is not fully stain-proof
in low-oxygen, high-<a href=" title="Salinity"><span style="color:#0B0080">salinity</span></a>, or poor
air-circulation environments. There are different grades and surface finishes
of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure. Stainless
steel is used where both the properties of steel and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Corrosion resistance"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">corrosion resistance</span></a>&nbsp;are required.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Stainless steel
differs from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Carbon steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">carbon steel</span></a>&nbsp;by the amount of chromium
present. Unprotected carbon steel&nbsp;<a href=" title="Rust"><span style="color:#0B0080">rusts</span></a>&nbsp;readily
when exposed to air and moisture. This&nbsp;<a href=" title="Iron oxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">iron oxide</span></a>&nbsp;film
(the rust) is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide; and,
because of the greater volume of the iron oxide, this tends to flake and fall
away. Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form a&nbsp;<a href=" title="Passivation (chemistry)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">passive</span></a>&nbsp;film of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chromium(III) oxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">chromium oxide</span></a>, which prevents further surface
corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and blocks
corrosion from spreading into the metal's internal structure. &nbsp;Passivation occurs only if the proportion of
chromium is high enough and oxygen is present.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Properties<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span></b></p>
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Oxidation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">High oxidation
resistance in&nbsp;<a href=" title="Earth's atmosphere"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">air</span></a>&nbsp;at ambient&nbsp;<a href=" title="Temperature"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">temperature</span></a>&nbsp;is
normally achieved with additions of a minimum of 13% (by weight)&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chromium"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">chromium</span></a>,
and up to 26% is used for harsh environments. The chromium forms a&nbsp;Passivation&nbsp;layer
of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chromium(III) oxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">chromium(III) oxide</span></a>&nbsp;(Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)
when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal
remains lustrous and smooth. The layer is impervious to&nbsp;<a href=" title="Water"><span style="color:#0B0080;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">water</span></a>&nbsp;and air,
protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface
is scratched. This phenomenon is called&nbsp;<a href=" title="Passivation (chemistry)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">Passivation</span></a>&nbsp;and is seen in other
metals, such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Aluminium"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">aluminium</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Titanium"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">titanium</span></a>.
Corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a
non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater&nbsp;<a href=" title="Keel"><span style="color:#0B0080;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">keel</span></a>&nbsp;bolts buried
in&nbsp;<a href=" title="Timber"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">timber</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">When stainless steel
parts such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Nut (hardware)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">nuts</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Screw"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">bolts</span></a>&nbsp;are
forced together, the oxide layer can be scraped off, allowing the parts
to&nbsp;<a href=" title="Welding"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">weld</span></a>
together. When forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and
pitted, an effect known as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Galling"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">galling</span></a>. This destructive galling can be avoided by the use of
dissimilar materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and
stainless steel, or even different types of stainless steels (martensitic
against austenitic). However, two different alloys electrically connected in a
humid environment may act as a&nbsp;<a href=" title="Voltaic pile"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">voltaic pile</span></a>&nbsp;and
corrode faster. Nitronic alloys made by selective alloying with manganese and
nitrogen may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may
be&nbsp;<a href=" title="Lubrication"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">lubricated</span></a>&nbsp;to
prevent galling. Low-temperature&nbsp;<a href=" title="Carburizing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">carburizing</span></a>&nbsp;is
another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar
materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Acids<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Stainless steel is
generally highly resistant to attack from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Acids"><span style="color:#0B0080;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">acids</span></a>, but this quality
depends on the kind and concentration of the acid, the surrounding temperature,
and the type of steel. Type 904 is resistant to&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sulfuric acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">sulfuric acid</span></a>&nbsp;at
room temperature, even in high concentrations; type 316 and 317 are resistant
below 10%, and&nbsp;<a href=" title="SAE 304 stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">304</span></a>&nbsp;should not be used in the
presence of sulfuric acid at any concentration. All types of stainless steel
resist attack from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Phosphoric acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">phosphoric acid</span></a>, 316 and 317 more so than 304;
Types 304L and 430 have been successfully used with nitric.&nbsp;<a href=" title="Hydrochloric acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Hydrochloric
acid</span></a>&nbsp;will damage any kind of stainless steel, and should be
avoided.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Bases<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi">The 300 series of stainless steel grades is unaffected by any of
the weak bases such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Ammonium hydroxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">ammonium hydroxide</span></a>, even in high concentrations
and at high temperatures. The same grades of stainless exposed to stronger
bases such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sodium hydroxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">sodium hydroxide</span></a>&nbsp;at high concentrations
and high temperatures will likely experience some etching and cracking,
especially with solutions containing&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chloride"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">chlorides</span></a>&nbsp;such
as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sodium hypochlorite"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">sodium hypochlorite</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Organics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Types 316 and 317
are both useful for storing and handling&nbsp;<a href=" title="Acetic acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">acetic acid</span></a>,
especially in solutions where it is combined with&nbsp;<a href=" title="Formic acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">formic acid</span></a>&nbsp;and
when aeration is not present (oxygen helps protect stainless steel under such
conditions), though 317 provides the greatest level of resistance to corrosion.
Type 304 is also commonly used with formic acid though it will tend to discolor
the solution. All grades resist damage from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Aldehyde"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">aldehydes</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Amine"><span style="color:#0B0080;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">amines</span></a>, though in the
latter case grade 316 is preferable to 304;&nbsp;<a href=" title="Cellulose acetate"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">cellulose
acetate</span></a>&nbsp;will damage 304 unless the temperature is kept low.
Fats and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Fatty acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">fatty acids</span></a>&nbsp;only affect grade 304 at temperatures above
150&nbsp;°C (302&nbsp;°F), and grade 316 above 260&nbsp;°C (500&nbsp;°F), while
317 is unaffected at all temperatures. Type 316L is required for processing
of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Urea"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">urea</span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Electricity and magnetism<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:16.8pt;background:
#F9F9F9"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi">Poor selection of materials can cause&nbsp;<a href=" title="Galvanic corrosion"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">galvanic corrosion</span></a>&nbsp;to other metals in
contact with stainless steel, Like steel, stainless steel is a relatively poor
conductor of electricity, with lower&nbsp;<a href=" title="Resistivity"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">electrical conductivity</span></a>&nbsp;than copper. Other metals in
contact with stainless steel in a damp environment may suffer&nbsp;<a href=" title="Galvanic corrosion"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">galvanic corrosion</span></a>. even though the stainless
metal may be unaffected.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi"><a href=" title="Ferrite (iron)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Ferritic</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Martensitic stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">martensitic</span></a>&nbsp;stainless steels
are&nbsp;<a href=" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">magnetic</span></a>. Annealed&nbsp;<a href=" title="Austenitic stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">austenitic</span></a>&nbsp;stainless steels are&nbsp;<a href=" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">non-magnetic</span></a>.&nbsp;<a href=" title="Work hardening"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Work hardening</span></a>&nbsp;can
make austenitic stainless steels slightly magnetic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">3D printing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Some&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;providers
have developed proprietary stainless steel&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sintering"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">sintering</span></a>&nbsp;blends
for use in rapid prototyping. One of the more popular stainless steel grades
used in&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;would be 316L Stainless steel. Due to the
high temperature gradient and fast rate of solidification, stainless steel
manufactured via&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;tends to have more refined microstructures.
This in turn results in better mechanical properties. However, stainless steel
is not used as much as materials like Ti6Al4V in the&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;industry.
This is because stainless steel manufactured via the traditional methods tends
to be more economically competitive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Types of&nbsp; stainless
Steel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; background: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">There are different
types of stainless steels: when&nbsp;<a href=" title="Nickel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">nickel</span></a>&nbsp;is
added, for instance, the austenite structure of iron is stabilized. This
crystal structure makes such steels virtually non-<a href=" title="Magnetic"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">magnetic</span></a>&nbsp;and
less&nbsp;<a href=" title="Brittle"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">brittle</span></a>&nbsp;at
low temperatures. For greater&nbsp;<a href=" title="Hardness (materials science)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">hardness</span></a>&nbsp;and strength, more&nbsp;<a href=" title="Carbon"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">carbon</span></a>is
added. With proper&nbsp;<a href=" title="Heat treatment"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">heat treatment</span></a>, these steels are used for such
products as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Razor blade steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">razor blades</span></a>, cutlery, and tools.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Significant quantities
of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Manganese"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">manganese</span></a>&nbsp;have
been used in many stainless steel compositions. Manganese preserves an
austenitic structure in the steel, similar to nickel, but at a lower&nbsp;<a href=" title="Cost"><span style="color:#0B0080;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">cost</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi;color:red">Stainless steels are also classified by their&nbsp;<a href=" title="Crystalline structure"><span style="color:red;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">crystalline structure</span></a>:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi"><a href=" title="Austenitic stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none">Austenitic</span></a></span></i><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">, or 200 and 300
series, stainless steels have an austenitic crystalline structure, which is
a&nbsp;<a href=" title="Face-centered cubic"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">face-centered cubic</span></a>&nbsp;crystal structure.
Austenite steels make up over 70% of total stainless steel production. They
contain a maximum of 0.15% carbon, a minimum of 16% chromium and sufficient
nickel and/or manganese to retain an austenitic structure at all temperatures
from the&nbsp;<a href=" title="Cryogenic"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">cryogenic</span></a>&nbsp;region to the melting point of the alloy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi&am
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Applications Of Stainless Steel